Semitic etymology : Query result

Number: 2300

Proto-Semitic: *ŝ₁rm {} *ŝrm

Meaning: to have a nose with a cut-off tip; to have a slit lip

Syrian Aramaic: sǝrāmā 'simus', sǝrāmūtā 'simitas' [Brock 499]

Arabic: ʔašram- 'qui a le nez mutilé, à qui on a coupé le bout du nez' [BK 1 1222]

Tigre: šǝrum 'slit-lipped' [LH 211].

Note that morphologically the word is formed as a passive participle from šärmä 'to break through' (see above)

Mehri: šǝrēm 'hare-lipped' [JMhr 396]

Jibbali: s̃érǝm 'to have a hare-lip' [JJ 267]; cf. s̃šrim 'to be given a hare-lip' (s̃-stem; note -š- in a non-initial position)

Harsusi: meŝrīm 'hare-lipped' [JH 121]

Notes: A very tentative reconstruction of *ŝ₁- suggested by ARB š- vs. variation of sibilants in MSA languages (see below).

Probably connected with SEM *ŝrm {} *ĉrm (or *ŝ₁rm {} *ŝrm?) 'to cut, split, break': AKK šarāmu 'to break open a seal, cut to size, prune, weed' OB on [CAD š2 48-9], [AHw 1184]; SYR šrm 'fregit' [Brock 809] (note š- instead of the expected *s-); ARB šrm 'fendre légerement, déchirer légèrement, y causer une déchirure' [BK 1 1222] (note the terms with anatomic connotations: šarūm-, šarīm- 'femmes chez qui le périnée est rompu, de manière que les deux voies se joignent', šarīm- 'parties naturelles de la femme' [ibid.]); TGR šärmä 'to break through'.

See a variant SEM root *srm {} *crm 'to cut': AKK sarāmu 'to cut, cut into, make an incision' OB on [CAD s 172], [AHw 1028]; ARB srm II 'couper en morceaux' [BK 1 1084].

Cf. *h_rm 'to have an incision, esp. to have a slit nose or hare-lip' (No. ).

[Brock 499]: SYR, ARB

Number: 2301

Proto-Semitic: *ŝyb {} *ĉyb

Meaning: to have grey hair

Akkadian: šībtu 'grey hair' Mari, SB [CAD š2 386], [AHw 1228], šâbu 'to become old' OA, OB on [CAD š1 19], [AHw 1224], šību 'old' OB on [CAD š2 389], [AHw 1228], šību 'old man' OAkk on [CAD š2 390], [AHw 1228]

Ugaritic: šb 'Greis', šbt 'graues Haar' [Aist 300]

Hebrew: ŝyb 'to be grey headed, old', ŝēb 'grey-headness; old age', ŝēbā 'the grey hair; advanced age' [KB 1318]

Aramaic: BIB ŝābē (pl. constr.), ŝābayyā (det.) 'Graukopf; Aelteste' [KB deutsch 1783], OFF šb 'elders; old' [HJ 1099], PLM sybw 'old age' [ibid. 784]

Judaic Aramaic: sǝʔēb, sā(ʔ)b 'to be old' [Ja 947] (-ʔ- is difficult to explain), sāb(ā) 'grey, old', sīb 'to be grey, old' [ibid. 948], sīb 'grey, old', sēb 'to be old', sēbā 'old age' [ibid. 974]; sēbǝtā 'grey color, grey hair; eldership' [ibid. 975]

Syrian Aramaic: sābā 'senex', sābǝtā 'anus', saybātā (pl.) 'crines albi' [Brock 469]

Mandaic Aramaic: SAB, SIB 'to be grey' [DM 308], saba, sibato 'old man, grey-beard' [ibid. 324]

Arabic: šyb 'blanchir, devenir blanc, chenu', šayb-at- 'canitie, cheveux blancs' [BK 1 1294]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ŝeba 'to turn grey (hair)', ŝibat 'grey hair' [LGz 539]

Tigre: šäyäbä 'to have grey hair', šib, šibät 'grey hair' [LH 227]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): säyyäbä, šäyyäbä 'incanutire', šǝbät 'canirie' [Bass 237]

Amharic: šǝbät 'white or grey hair' [K 638]

East Ethiopic: HAR šibät 'grey hair' [LH 144]; SEL šēbätä, WOL šebätä, ZWY šībätä 'to have grey hair', SEL WOL ZWY šǝbät 'grey hair' [LGue 572]

Gurage: MUH MSQ šäbbätä, SOD šibbätä 'to have grey hair', CHA EZHA MUH MSQ GOG SOD šǝbät 'grey hair' [ibid.]

Mehri: ŝyīb 'to go white in the hair of the head', ŝayb 'white hair' [JM 391]

Jibbali: eŝŝéb 'to have white hair', ŝub 'white hair' [JJ 259]

Harsusi: ŝayb 'white hair' [JH 123]

Soqotri: ŝíbab (ŝaibib) 'vieux, grand, important' [LS 428].

Cf. also [SSL 5 289]

Notes: Also *ŝayb-(at-) ~ *ŝīb-(at-) {} *ĉayb-(at-) ~ *ĉīb-(at-) 'grey hair'; widely spread nominal forms may be regarded as primary ones, and verbal forms as derived.

Note the derived meanings 'to be old', 'old', 'old age' attested throughout SEM.

[Fr 37]: *ŝayib- 'canuto', ŝayb-at- 'capelli canuti' (GEZ, ARB, SYR, HBR, UGR, AKK); [KB 1318]: HBR, AKK, ARM, ARB, GEZ, TGR, AMH; [Brock 469]: SYR, HBR, ARB, AKK, GEZ; [LGz 539]: GEZ, AKK, JIB, HBR, ARM, ARB, UGR [LS 428]: SOQ, ARB, HBR, ARM, GEZ, AKK

Number: 2302

Proto-Semitic: *ṣ̂ḥk/ḳ {} *ĉ̣ḥk/ḳ

Meaning: to laugh

Akkadian: (?) ṣiāh_u, ṣâh_u, OB on [CAD ṣ 64], [AHw 1096].

Phonetically hard to explain; may there have been loss of *-ḳ caused by incompatibility of two "emphatics" in *ṣh_ḳ < *ṣ̂ḥḳ? Otherwise to be probably compared to ARB and UGR ṣyḥ 'to cry, to shout'? Cf. also šeh_ēḳu 'to sneeze (?)' SB [CAD š2 263], [AHw 1209]; difficult semantically, though compatible phonetically (<*ŝḥḳ < *ṣ̂ḥḳ?)

Ugaritic: ẓḥḳ [Gordon 27] (in UT 75 where ẓ regularly renders *ṣ̂), ṣḥḳ [Aist 266]

Hebrew: ŝḥḳ (a) [KB 1315] (<*ŝḥḳ dissimilated from *ṣ̂ḥḳ?), ṣḥḳ (a) [ibid. 1019] (<*ṣ̂ḥḳ).

A detailed analysis of a possible geographical and chronological distribution of these variants may be found in [Steiner 116-7]; the author is inclined to think that forms with ŝ are normally younger

Aramaic: HTR šḥḳ 'to laugh, smile kindly on so.' [HJ 1121-22] (from *ŝḥḳ, dissimilated from *ṣ̂ḥḳ?)

Judaic Aramaic: ṣǝḥaḳ [Ja 1274] (from *ṣ̂ḥḳ to avoid *ʕḥḳ with two incompatible pharyngeals), ʔăḥīk [ibid. 40] (from or, rather, instead of *ʕḥk to avoid two incompatible pharyngeals, from *ṣ̂ḥk), ḥūk [ibid. 432] (same process, but followed by elision of *ʔ-), gǝḥak [ibid. 233], gḥk 'to laugh, jest' [Sok 126] (same process: g- instead of *ʕ- to avoid incompatible *ʕ- and *-ḥ-).

Cf. dǝḥak [Ja 292], dḥk 'to laugh, make fun of' [Sok 153], to be treated as a variant root? Cf. another variant root dʕk [ibid.]. Note also GUR daḳä; one more variant root (<*dḥḳ or *dʕḳ?)

Syrian Aramaic: gǝḥēk [Brock 113].

From *ṣ̂ḥk, see comments to JUD

Mandaic Aramaic: AHK, ʕHK [DM 9], GHK [ibid. 81] (all from *ṣ̂ḥk, see comments to JUD), SHK [ibid. 320] (from *ŝḥk from *ṣ̂ḥk to avoid *ṣ̂ḥk > *ʕḥk, with two incompatible pharyngeals; see JUD)

Arabic: ḍḥk (-a-) [BK 2 11]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ŝaḥaḳa, ŝǝḥḳa (a) [LGz 528] (from *ṣ̂ḥḳ, with dissimilation of two "emphatics"?)

Tigre: säḥaḳä [LH 171] (from *ṣ̂ḥḳ? See GEZ)

Tigrai (Tigriñña): säḥaḳä [Bass 170] (from *ṣ̂ḥḳ? See GEZ)

Amharic: saḳä [K 503], ARG sähaḳa [LGur 556] (from *ṣ̂ḥḳ? See GEZ)

Gafat: ṣaḳä [LGaf 236].

On the importance of the GAF example as the unique representative of SEM *ṣ̂ḥḳ in ETH, see [Leslau Contributions 44] and [Steiner 112]

East Ethiopic: HAR sēḥaḳa [LHar 138]; SEL ZWY sāḳä, WOL saʔä [LGur 556] (all from *ṣ̂ḥḳ? See GEZ)

Gurage: CHA EZ̆A MUH MSQ SOD daḳä, GYE dāḳä, MUH GOG SOD daʔä, ENN END dāʔä [ibid. 216].

Hetzron and Habtä Maryam proposed that d- may be a reflex of the lateralization, which seems unlikely and was repeatedly refuted by Leslau (on this discussion see [Steiner 112]); cf. ARM JUD dḥk/dʕk

Mehri: ẑǝḥāk (ō) [JM 475]

Jibbali: ẑaḥák [JJ 325]

Harsusi: ẑǝḥāk [JH 151]

Soqotri: ḍáḥak [LS 361]

Notes: One of phonetically most difficult lexical comparisons in Semitic languages. Numerous and diverse phonetic changes are accounted for by various degree of incompatibility, in individual languages, of the given trio of radicals. It is hard to chose, in the PSEM reconstruction, between *ṣ̂ḥk {} *ĉ̣ḥk reflected in most ARM, ARB and MSA (with a further -k > -ḳ by assimilation to the "emphatic" ṣ̂- {} *ĉ̣-) and *ṣ̂ḥḳ {} *ĉ̣ḥḳ reflected in UGR ẓḥḳ, HBR and ARM JUD ṣḥḳ, and GAF (with a reverse process: -ḳ > -k by dissimilation of the two "emphatics"). The latter hypothesis, however, looks preferable as it explains better what can be assumed as an alternative dissimilation of *ṣ̂ḥḳ {} *ĉ̣ḥḳ into *ŝḥḳ {} *ĉḥḳ in HBR, ARM HTR and ETH (with the exception of GAF); the development *ṣ̂ḥk {} *ĉ̣ḥk into *ŝḥḳ {} *ĉḥḳ implies an intermediate stage of *ṣ̂ḥk {} *ĉ̣ḥk > *ṣ̂ḥḳ {} *ĉ̣ḥḳ (and only then > *ŝḥḳ {} *ĉḥḳ) and seems more complicated.

Note that some of MSA forms (JIB and HRS z_́ḥḳ, BṬḤ s̃ ́) quoted in [Steiner 115] apud [Thomas 1937] are not found either in Johnstone's dictionaries or in [LS]. Of much interest are various parallel strategies of avoiding two pharyngeals in ARM.

[Maizel 159]; [Steiner 111-120] (incl. HRB lʕg 'to deride' which is phonetically unconvincing); [KB 1315]: HBR, HTR, AKK (with reservations); [KB 1019]: HBR, JUD (ṣḥḳ, ḥʔk, gḥk, dḥk, ḥwk), SYR, MND (ahk, ghk), GEZ, ARB, UGR (ṣḥḳ, ẓḥḳ), AKK (ṣâh_u commented as a West Semitic loan-word, which is highly improbable); [Brock 113]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB, GEZ; [LGz 528]: GEZ, HBR, ARM, ARB; [LS 361]: SOQ, MSA, ARB, HBR, SYR, GEZ

Number: 2303

Proto-Semitic: *ṣ̂rṭ {} *ĉ̣rṭ (-u-)

Meaning: to fart, break wind

Akkadian: ṣarātu (ṣarādu) (u/u, also i/i) OB on [CAD ṣ 107], [AHw 1085]

Syrian Aramaic: ʕareṭ 'pepedit', ʕurṭē, ʕurṭāyā 'crepitus ventris' [Brock 548]

Arabic: ḍrṭ (-u-) 'peter (avec un pet qui fait s'entendre)' [BK 2 22]

Mehri: ẑǝrūṭ (-ē-) 'to fart (audibly)' [JM 478]

Jibbali: ẑérɔ́ṭ [JJ 327]

Harsusi: ẑerōṭ [JH 152]

Soqotri: ẑerót [LS 365] (-t due to dissimilation of the "emphatics")

Notes: Cf. what may be a metathetic variant root in MSA: MHR ẑāṭǝr, HRS ẑǝṭǝrḗt, JIB (EAST) ẑéṭǝr, (CENTR) ẑǝtrét (note -t- instead of *-ṭ-) 'buttocks' [SSL 2 249]; note also ARB ḍawṭar-, ḍayṭar- 'homme grand, gros, épais et fessu' [BK 2 26], with a difficult, but not impossible, meaning shift.

[AHw 1085]: AKK, ARB, SYR; [Brock 548]: SYR, ARB; [LS 365]: SOQ, MSA, ARB, SYR, AKK

Number: 2304

Proto-Semitic: *twb ~ *tbb

Meaning: to spit, vomit

Judaic Aramaic: tūbā 'vomit' [Ja 1650], tǝyūbā do. [ibid. 1663].

Jastrow regards these forms as derived from the af. stem of the verb twb 'to go back, return, do again' corresponding to HBR šwb [ibid. 1649], presumably implying food going back; in view of the comparative data, this looks rather a folk etymology

Syrian Aramaic: twb (etpa.) 'evomitus est' [Brock 818], tǝyābǝtā, tǝyūbā, tǝyūbǝtā 'vomitus' [ibid.]

Soqotri: tébib 'crachat' [LS 438]

Notes: Scarcely attested in ARM and SOQ only.

Cf. *tpp (No. ).

[LS 438]: SOQ, ARM (incl. forms with -p and -pl)

Number: 2305

Proto-Semitic: *tpp

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to spit

Hebrew: tōpät 'Speichel, Auswurf' [KB deutsch 1638]

Judaic Aramaic: tǝpap, tǝpē 'to spit' [Ja 1685], tūp 'spittle' [ibid. 1655]

Arabic: tff 'cracher' [Dozy 1 147]; also mtfft (non-vocalized) 'crachat' [ibid.] (not in [BK]).

Cf. tuffaçnß 'exclamation d'aversion, de dégoût' [BK 1 200]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): tafʔa 'to spit, spit out' [LGz 570]

Tigre: täfʔa 'cracher' [LH 322 apud Munzinger]; cf. also tǝf bälä 'to puff, to make tff as if wishing to spit' [ibid.]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): täfʔe 'vomitare' [Bass 423]

Amharic: täffa 'to spit' [K 1001]

Argobba: ntf 'to spit'

East Ethiopic: HAR tuf bāya; WOL tuf balä, SEL tuff balä, ZWY tǝf-um bālä do. [LGur 592]

Gurage: CHA täfa EZ̆A MUH MSQ GOG SOD täffa, END tuff balä, CHA EZ̆A MUH MSQ GOG SOD ǝtǝff balä, ENN ǝtǝff barä, END ǝtuff barä, GYE itǝff barä do. [ibid.]

Notes: Rather a biconsonantal stem with various triconsonantal stems (*tpp, *twp and *tpʔ).

Note JIB tféf 'worthlessness in this world and perdition in the next' [JJ 269], apparently related with an interesting semantic evolution.

Cf. *tbb ~ *twb (No. ).

Cf. a variant root in ETH: TGR ṭäfʔa 'to spit', ṭǝfǝʔ, ṭǝfäʔ, ṭǝfʔat 'spittle' [LH 621] (also ṭäfʕa 'to spit', ṭǝfʕat 'spittle' [ibid.]), TNA ṭuf bälä 'sputare', ṭǝfṭaf 'saliva' [Bass 992]; probably makes a common root with ARB ṭawf- 'excréments humains' [BK 2 121], with an unusual but not unattested, meaning shift: cf. ARB in *g(ʷ)ŝʕ/ʔ {} *g(ʷ)ĉʕ/ʔ, No. .

One wonders whether these variant roots (*tbb ~ *twb, *tpp ~ *twp ~ *tpʔ, and *ṭpp ~ *ṭpṭp ~ *ṭpʔ/ʕ) might suggest PSEM *tṗ

Number: 2306

Proto-Semitic: *ṭmm ~ *ʔṭm

Meaning: to be deaf and mute

Akkadian: ṭummum- 'taub' OB on [AHw 1394], ṭummumu (D-stem) '(Ohren) verschliessen, taub machen' SB [ibid.]

Hebrew: ʔṭm 'stop up one's ear' [KB 37]

Syrian Aramaic: ʔaṭṭīmā 'surdus' [Brock 14], ʔeṭṭam 'surdus evasit'; ṭǝmīmā 'mutus' [ibid.]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ṭämmämä 'chiudere gli occhi e la bocca ad un moribondo' [Bass 894]

Notes: Cf. *ṣmm (No. ).

Derived from or contaminated with *ṭmm, ʔṭm 'to cover, stop, etc.' (cf. [KB 376 sub *ṭmm] and [LGz 593 sub ṭmm])?

Note SOQ ʔiṭéreh 'muette' [LS 57] (fem.), with unmotivated -r- instead of the expected -m-; a variant root with a rare variation r/m?

[LS 57]: SOQ, SYR, AKK, TNA (incl. ṭmm 'to stop up')

Number: 2307

Proto-Semitic: *t_kl {} *čkl

Meaning: to be childless

Ugaritic: t_kl 'Kinderlosigkeit' [Aist 334]

Hebrew: škl 'kinderlos werden' [KB deutsch 1382]

Aramaic: OLD h-škl-h 'to leave childless' [HJ 1133] (haph. suff.).

Very uncertain

Judaic Aramaic: tǝkēl 'to be bereft' [Ja 1668], [Sok 581]

Syrian Aramaic: tǝkālā 'orbitas' [Brock 823]

Mandaic Aramaic: TKL 'to be bereaved, become childless' [DM 487]

Arabic: t_kl 'être privé de son enfant' [BK 1 231]

Notes:

[KB deutsch 1382]: HBR, ARM, UGR, ARB, AKK (šakālu 'sich auf fast nichts reduzieren' [AHw 1134] OB; semantically rather improbable); [Brock 823]: SYR, HBR, ARB

Number: 2308

Proto-Semitic: *t_yn {} *čyn

Meaning: to urinate

Akkadian: šânu MB, SB [CAD š1 409], [AHw 1225], šatānu [CAD š2 192], [AHw 1199]; šīnātu (pl. tantum) 'urine' OAkk on [CAD š3 40], [AHw 1241]

Ugaritic: *t_n (T-stem) [Aist 339], t_nt-h 'his urine' [Gordon 404]

Hebrew: *hištīn (in the participle maštīn) 'sein Wasser ablassen, harnen' [KB deutsch 1371], *šayin (in pl. suff. šēnēhäm) 'Harnwasser, Urin' [ibid.].

The verb is to be treated, at least synchronically, as hipʕīl from *štn, though historically -t- is certainly a passive-reflexive stem infix. The noun attested only in Kt (the consonantal teхt), is euphemistically replaced in Qr by mēmē raḡlēhäm 'the water of their legs'

Judaic Aramaic: ʔaštēn [Ja 1639], [Sok 569].

š instead of the expected t may be explained either as a loan from HBR or, rather, as a result of dissimilation (*t_t > št instead of *tt)

Syrian Aramaic: tān [Brock 819], tīnā, tūnā, tǝyānā 'urina' [ibid.]

Mandaic Aramaic: TUN (imperf. taiin) [DM 483], tina 'urine' [ibid. 486]

Arabic: mat_ānat- 'vessie; utérus', mat_an- 'clitoris' [BK 2 1062], mt_n 'toucher, blesser à la vessie' [ibid.].

All these forms are treated as having the consonantal root mt_n by most Arabic dictionaries; however, they may be formally derived from the verb t_yn as well (сf. GEZ maŝyant 'bladder' <*ŝyn). Note also YEM t_ēnin 'faeces' compared to this root in [Behnstedt 160]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ŝena, sena [LGz 540], ŝǝnt 'urine', maŝyant 'bladder' [ibid.].

ŝ instead of the expected s in part of the forms looks rather a current confusion of graphemes ŝ (<*ŝ) and s (<*š, *s and *t_). An opposite point of view including discussion of the word in question, see in [Voigt 1994, p.105], where a correspondance SEM *t_ ~ GEZ ŝ is postulated

Tigre: šena [LH 227], šǝn (šǝnt- before suffixes) 'urine' [ibid.]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): šänä [Bass 230], šǝnti 'orina' [ibid.]

Amharic: šännä, šennä [K 641], šǝnt 'urine' [ibid. 640]

Notes: Of interest is that a presumably deverbal noun *t_in-at-/*t_ayn-(at-) {} *čin-at-/*čayn-(at-) 'urine' is somewhat better preserved throughout SEM.

Note verbal forms with the passive-reflexive *-t- infix in AKK, UGR, HBR and possibly JUD.

[Fr 39]: *-t_yin- 'urinare', *t_ayn-(at-) 'urina' (GEZ, ARB, ARM, HBR, UGR, AKK); [KB deutsch 1371]: HBR, AKK, ARM, GEZ, TGR, TNA, AMH, UGR, ARB; [Brock 819]: SYR, HBR, ARB, AKK, GEZ; [LGz 540]: GEZ, ARB, HBR, ARM, AKK, UGR

Number: 2309

Proto-Semitic: *t_̣lʕ {} *č̣lʕ

Meaning: to limp, be lame

Hebrew: ṣlʕ 'to limp, to be lame' [KB 1030]

Judaic Aramaic: ṭlʕ (Ithpeʕ) 'to become lame' [Ja 538], 'to limp' [Sok 225]

Arabic: d_̣lʕ (a) 'clocher, boiter, de manière à incliner de côté en marchant' [BK 2 137]

Mehri: d_̣áwla 'to be cripped, limp' [JM 84]

Jibbali: d_̣élaʕ 'to be cripped, lame' [JJ 49]

Harsusi: d_̣áwla 'to limp' [JH 30]

Notes: Cf. ETH: GEZ ṣalʕa 'to be wounded, be superficially healed' [LGz 554], TGR ṣälʕa 'to be sore, wounded' [LH 633], TNA (tä)ṣälʕa 'to be a little sick' [LGz 554], HAR ṭuluʕ 'wound' [ibid.], WOL (a)ṭole, ZWY aṭūlī 'wound' [LGur 616]; may it be related with a specific semantic development?

[KB 1030]: HBR, ARM, ARB

Number: 2310

Proto-Semitic: *t_̣mʔ {} *č̣mʔ (-a-)

Meaning: to be thirsty

Akkadian: ṣamû (u/u) OB-SB [CAD ṣ 95], [AHw 1081]

Ugaritic: ẓmʔa [Aist 272].

Cf. also ɣmʔa [DLU 158] (on hypothetic *t_̣ > ɣ in UGR see Introduction)

Hebrew: ṣāmē(ʔ) (a) [KB 1032]

Arabic: d_̣mʔ (a) [BK 2 142]

Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB ẓmʔ [SD 172]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ṣamʔa [LGz 557]

Tigre: ṣämʔa [LH 635]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ṣämʔe [Bass 954]

Amharic: ṭämma [K 2096], ARG ṭämma [LGur 619]

Gafat: ṣämmä [LGaf 235]

East Ethiopic: ZWY ṭäma, WOL ṭēmä, SEL ṭēmä [LGur 619]

Gurage: CHA ENN GYE ṭäma, EZ̆A MUH MSQ GOG SOD ṭämma, END ṭammā [ibid.]

Mehri: d_̣áyma 'to be thirsty; (camel) to go without water', d_̣áwma 'thirst' [JM 84]

Jibbali: d_̣ĩ [JJ 49] (placed under d_̣my)

Harsusi: d_̣áyma [JH 30], d_̣éma 'thirst' [ibid.]

Soqotri: ṭéme [LS 205]

Notes: *-a- is due to *-ʔ-.

[KB 1032]: HBR, UGR, AKK, GEZ, TGR, SAB, ARB; [LGz 557]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, SAB, MHR, HBR, AKK, UGR; [LS 205]: SOQ, MHR, ARB, HBR, GEZ, AKK, SAB; [DLU 158]: UGR, AKK, ESA, ARB, GEZ

Number: 2311

Proto-Semitic: *wld

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to bear, give birth to 1 boy, child 2

Akkadian: walādu OB on [CAD A1 287], [AHw 1457-1458] 1; ildu, līdu 2

Ugaritic: yld, wld [Aist 127, 128] 1, 2

Canaanite: PHO yld [T 124] 1

Hebrew: yālad [KB 411] 1, yäläd 2

Aramaic: OFF NAB yld [HJ 457] 1

Judaic Aramaic: yǝlēd, yǝlīd [Ja 578], [Sok 240] 1

Syrian Aramaic: ʔīlēd [Brock 301] 1, 2

Mandaic Aramaic: YLD (etpe) 1 [DM 192].

Note more current metathetic YDL and ʕDL [ibid. 189]

Arabic: wld [BK 2 1602] 1, walad- 2

Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB wld [SD 160] 1

Geʕez (Ethiopian): walada [LGz 613] 1, wald 2

Tigre: wäldä [LH 430] 1

Tigrai (Tigriñña): wällädä [Bass 637] 1

Amharic: wällädä [K 1489] 1

East Ethiopic: HAR wɔlädä [LHar 159]; SEL WOL ZWY wälädä [LGur 651] 1

Gurage: SOD wällädä [ibid.] 1

Mehri: welēd (coll.) 'children, male or female' [JM 428]

Jibbali: élɔ́d 'to beget children', élɛ́d 'children' [JJ 291]

Notes: Note that MSA forms may be Arabisms.

[Fr 37]: *-wlid- 'partorire', *wald- 'progenie': GEZ, ARB, SYR, HBR, UGR, AKK; [DRS 546]: AKK, UGR, PHO, HBR, ARM, SAB, ETH; [KB 411]: HBR, ARM, UGR, PHO, SAB, ARB, GEZ, TGR, AKK; [LGz 613]: GEZ, ARB, SAB, HBR, ARM, UGR, PHO, AKK

Number: 2312

Proto-Semitic: *wrḳ

Meaning: to spit

Hebrew: yrḳ [KB 440], rḳḳ [ibid. 1292], rōḳ 'spittle' [ibid. 1278] (<*ruḳḳ- implied by the form with suff. ruḳḳ-ī); PB rḳḳ, rwḳ [Ja 1497]

Aramaic: OFF rwḳ [HJ 1064]

Judaic Aramaic: yrḳ [Ja 597], [Sok 246], rwḳ, rḳḳ, ryḳ [Ja 1498], rḳḳ [Sok 530], rōḳā 'spittle' [Ja 1463], rwḳ do. [Sok 520]

Arabic: rīḳ-, rīḳat- 'salive (quand elle est jetée), crachat' [BK 1 964]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): wrḳ [LGz 617], raḳ 'spittle', mǝrāḳ 'saliva' [ibid.]

Tigre: mǝrraḳ 'spittle' [LH 114]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): mǝrraḳ 'saliva' [Bass 83]

Amharic: mǝraḳ 'saliva, spittle, spit' [K 182]

East Ethiopic: WOL ZWY mǝraḳ, SEL mǝrāḳ 'spittle, saliva' [LGur 422]

Gurage: END mǝnǝʔ do. [ibid.].

Cf. SOD ǝrǝmmač̣ä do. [LGur I 1044]; according to [LGur 89], a metathesis of mǝraḳ (note a misprint ǝrǝmmačä [ibid.]). Cf. also GOG ǝmburḳǝyä, etc. (-mb- <*-m-!) do. compared by Leslau with AMH mǝraḳ [LGur 45]

Notes: Alternatively to be regarded as a biconsonantal verbal or nominal (*rVḳ- 'spittle, saliva') root, which gave rise to verbs formed after different triconsontization patterns: *wrḳ (HBR, JUD, GEZ), *rḳḳ and *rw/yḳ (HBR, JUD).

Possibly related to or contaminated with SEM *rw/yḳ 'to pour out, empty out' ~ *rḳy 'to sprinkle' (see [KB 1227], [LGz 473]).

[KB 440]: HBR, JUD, GEZ, ARB (rīḳ-); [KB 1292]: HBR, ARM; [Brock 742]: SYR, JUD, HBR, ARB; [LGz 617]: GEZ, ARB, ARM, HBR

Number: 2313

Proto-Semitic: *zmm {} *ʒmm

Meaning: to fornicate

Ugaritic: dm 'actuar lascivamente' [Olmo 537] (not found in [DLU])

Hebrew: zimmā 'infamy, shameful behaviour, esp. fornication and incest' [KB 272].

Also 'plan', a homonym to be related to zmm 'to ponder, plan' [ibid. 273] (rightly distinguished for PB in [Ja 394])

Geʕez (Ethiopian): zammawa 'to fornicate, commit adultery, commit whoredom, have illicit intercourse' [LGz 639-40]

Tigrai (Tigriñña): zämmäwä 'fornicare, commettere adulterio' [Bass 723]

Amharic: zämma 'prostitute, harlot' [K 1612]

Notes: Rather scarcely attested; included into anatomic lexicon quite conventionally.

ETH *zmw.

Justly distinguished by Leslau (see discussion in [LGz 639-40]) from the forms with -n, cf. *z/d_ny {} *ʒ/ǯny, No. .

Cf. ARB d_mm II 'blâmer, relever les défauts, les vices de quelqu'un; commettre une action blâmable' [BK 1 781]' related with an apparent meaning shift (cf. ARB zny 'commettre l'adultère' [BK 1 1018] ~ zānaçnß- 'vice, défaut' [ibid. 789]).

[LGz 639-40]: GEZ, TNA, AMH, HBR, ARB (ʔad_amm- 'blameworthy', which Leslau thinks unrelated)

Number: 2314

Proto-Semitic: *z/d_ny {} *ʒ/ǯny

Meaning: to fornicate

Ugaritic: dnt 'lujuria, fornicación' [DLU 135]

Hebrew: zānā 'to commit fornication' [KB 275]

Aramaic: PLM znyt 'prostitute' [HJ 337]

Judaic Aramaic: zǝnē 'to run about as a prostitute' [Ja 406]; zny 'to be a prostitute' [Sok 179]

Syrian Aramaic: zny (Pa., Etpa.) 'scortatus est', zānītā 'scortum, meretrix' [Brock 200]

Mandaic Aramaic: ZNA 'to fornicate, be unchaste, adulterous' [DM 169]

Arabic: zny 'commetre l'adultère' [BK 1 1018]

Epigraphic South Arabian: MIN td_nt 'fornication' [LM 29]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): zanaya 'fornicate' [LGz 642], zǝnyat 'fornication, sperm' [ibid.]

Tigre: zäna 'to commit adultery, to fornicate' [LH 501]

Amharic: zänna 'to horse around, flirt, indulge in suggestive play' [K 1648]

Mehri: zǝnū 'to commit adultery, fornicate' [JM 468]

Jibbali: zíni 'to fornicate' [JJ 320]

Harsusi: zenō 'to fornicate' [JH 149]

Notes: While ARB, MSA and ARM unequivocally point to *z-, UGR and ESA MIN suggest *d_-; probably two variant roots are to be reconstructed.

Inclusion to anatomic lexicon quite conventional.

Cf. *zmm.

[KB 275]: HBR, ARM, ARB, GEZ (also zmw), TGR; [Brock 200]: SYR, HBR, GEZ (zmw); [LGz 642]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ARM, HBR

Number: 2315

Proto-Semitic: *ʔalp-

Meaning: cattle

Akkadian: alpu 'bull, ox; (head) of cattle; beef' OAkk. on [CAD a1 364], [AHw. 38]. // The existence of a special form with the fem. marker -at- is questionable: the OAkk. form al-pá-tim (pl.f.) is rendered as 'Kuh' in [AHw. 38], but see the remark "the ref. GAL al(?)-pá-tim does not suffice to posit a fem. *alpatum" in [CAD a1 372].

Ugaritic: ʔalp 'res de vacuno, buey, becerro, res joven' [DLU 29-30]. // The term is rare in mytho-poetical literature but widely used in administrative texts.

Phoenician: ʔlp 'ox' [T 20], [Krah. 55]. // In KAI 24:11 (wmy bl ḥz pn ʔlp 'one who did not see the face of a bull') and 26 A III:8 (z ʔš yšb bn ykn bʕl ʔlpm 'one who will live in it will be the owner of large cattle), see [Gibson 35, 51], [Tropper Zincirli 42]. Also in the Punic offering tariff from Marseilles (KAI 69:3). For the plant name lasounalph (alsounalph) in Dioscurides, most probably a Punic word literally meaning 'Ox-tongue' see now a special study [Steiner Oxtongue 98-103].

Hebrew: ʔäläp 'cattle' [KB 59]. // A rare poetic term (with the exception of Dt 7.13 šǝgar ʔălāpǟkā wǝʕaštǝrōt ṣō(ʔ)näkā 'offsprings of your large and small cattle' and parallel passages in the same book). In Ps 144.14 and Sir 38.25 a related term ʔallūp 'cow, bull' is found, built after a secondary derivational pattern (ʔallūpēnū mǝsubbāllīm 'our cows are pregnant', bʔlwp ynhg yšwbb bšwr '[one who] leads a bull, turns back an ox').

Aramaic: Dem. ʔlp 'bull' [HJ 1253]. // Sam. ʔlp 'cattle' [Tal 39] (in the translation of Dt 7.13, most probably a Hebraism).

Soqotri: ʔalf 'génisse' [LS 62].

Notes: The term is often assumed to be derived from the PS verbal root *ʔlp 'to be quiet, friendly; to domesticate' (see e.g. [KB 59], under Hbr. ʔlp 'to learn; to teach', with parallels from other languages). This derivation does not seem evident since the nominal root is much more widely attested than the verbal one and belongs to the oldest stock of PS faunal terms being attested both in Akk. and MSA. A later contamination in particular languages cannot be exluded, however (see especially Hbr. ʔallūp above, meaning both 'bull, cow' and 'close friend'). // [DRS 21]: *ʔalp- 'boeuf' (Akk., Ugr., Hbr., Pho., Off. /not in [HJ]/, Soq.); [Fron. 28]: *ʔalp- 'bue' (Soq., Hbr., Ugr., Akk.); [KB 59]: Hbr., Pho., Ugr., Soq., Akk.; [DLU 29- 30]: Ugr., Hbr., Pho., Arm., Akk.; [LS 62]: Soq., Akk., Hbr.; [Firmage 1152]: Akk., Hbr., Ugr.

Number: 2316

Proto-Semitic: *ʔa(n)z/d_ar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: kind of wild cat

Akkadian: azaru (azzaru) 'lynx' OB on [CAD a2 527], [AHw. 92]. // In OB as a proper name only, relatively rare in also later texts also. The best known passage is that from Sanherib's inscription OIP 2 34 III 56 where azzaru occurs in comparison with Shuzubu, a king of the South Mesopotamian marshy area (kīma azzari ēdiš ipparšid 'he fled alone like an a.'). Departing from this passage, B.Landsberger identified a. with Lynx chaus (cf. [Landsberger Fauna 87], [Salonen Jagd 186]). In lexical lists equated to Sum. SA.A.RI.RI.

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʔanzar 'wild cat' [LGz. 34]. // According to Leslau, a misprint for ʔanar (= Amh. ʔanär 'wildcat') which seems unlikely in view of the Akk. cognate above (note in particular the double -zz- in Akk. which well corresponds to -nz- in Gez.).

Number: 2317

Proto-Semitic: *ʔanap-at-

Meaning: kind of bird

Akkadian: anpatu 'a bird' SB [CAD a2 143], [AHw. 54]. // According to [Salonen Vögel 120], possibly 'flamingo'.

Hebrew: ʔănāpā 'kind of bird (plover or cormorant)' [KB 72]. // Listed among the forbidden birds of the dietary laws (Lv 11.19 and Dt 14.18), between ḥăsīdā and dūkīpat.

Aramaic: D.-Alla ʔnph 'type of bird' [HJ 84]. // In I 8, in a difficult context (ḥ[sd...] bny nḥṣ wṣrh ʔprḥy ʔnph). According to [Hackett 29, 48], 'the st[ork ...] the young of the NḤṢ-bird (?) and claws up young herons').

Syrian Aramaic: ʔanpā 'avis' [Brock. 30], [PS 277] (comprehensive discussion).

Notes: According to [Zimmern 51], the Hbr. and Syr. forms are Akkadisms which remains to be proved. // [KB 72], [Firmage 1155], [Salonen Vögel 120]: Hbr., Akk., Syr.

Number: 2318

Proto-Semitic: *ʔan(V)ḳ-

Meaning: a bird of prey

Arabic: ʔanūḳ- 'oiseau noir de la grandeur d'un corbeau, vivant dans les ruines ou sur le sommet des montagnes, et se nourissant de charogne' [BK 1 64], [Lane 118], [LA X 10].

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʔanḳe, ʔanḳet 'hawk, kite' [LGz. 30].

Amharic: anč̣ǝt 'a kind of hawk with a white breast' [K 1252], ǝn(ǝ)ḳ(ḳ)e 'sparrow hawk, hawk' [ibid. 1215].

Gurage: Cha. Eža Muh. Msq. Gog. anḳ'ǝt, End. Gyt. anḳ'it 'kind of hawk' [LGur. 73].

Notes: Possibly an Arb.-Eth. areal term. // Cf. forms with ʕ- instead of ʔ- in Arb. (ʕanḳāʔ- 'oiseau de cou long, griffon, sorte d'oiseau fabuleux de grandeur prodigieuse, roi des oiseaux, Anka' [LA X 276]) and Gez. (māʕǝnaḳ, māʕǝnḳ 'turtledove, locust-eating crane' [LGz. 326]). Syr. ʕǝnāḳā 'struthiocamelus' [Brock.535], [PS 2935] is certainly an Arabism (a late gloss explaining Arb. ʕanḳāʔ-). // [LGz. 31]: Gez., Eth., Arb.

Number: 2319

Proto-Semitic: *ʔanyaṣ- ~ *ʔanṣaw/y-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: weasel

Akkadian: ayāṣu 'weasel; a bag to carry oil, made of the skin of the weasel' OB on [CAD a1 231], ayyaṣu [AHw. 25]. // In OB as a proper name only. In later periods, in lexical lists (= Sum. DINGIR.NIN.KILIM.EDIN.NA), divinatory and medical texts. Well attested is mašak ayāṣi 'the skind of a.' as a kind of receptacle. Cf. further [Salonen Jagd 163], [Landsberger Fauna 113].

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʔanṣawā, ʔanṣewā, ʔanṣowā 'mouse, weasel' [LGz. 32] (также ḥanṣawā 'mouse', ḥanṣe id. [ibid. 238]).

Tigre: ʕanṣay, ʔanṣay 'mouse' [LH 476].

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ʔanč̣ǝwa 'topo, sorico' [Bass. 539].

Amharic: ay(ǝ)ṭ 'mouse' [K 1296].

Notes: All Eth. forms are thought to be Cushitisms in [LGz.], though Amh. ayṭ is also compared to Akk. (with an extremely strange observation: "in case it [ayṭ - A.M., L.K.] does not go back to *anṣay, cp. Akk. ayaṣu 'weasel'). Forms very close to the Eth. examples above are indeed quite widespread in Cushitic (v. [SIFKYa 142], *ʕAnC̣Aw- 'mouse, rat'), so that the loan hypothesis is not unlikely and presupposes an Akkadian-Cushitic isogloss (the Eth. forms being of no relevance for the PS reconstruction). However, a contamination of an inherited Sem. word with (ultimately related) Cush. terms cannot be excluded. It is important to observe that only Geez shares with Akk. the meaning 'weasel' while all Neo-Ethiopian (as well as Cushitic) terms // mean only 'mouse'. // As for the Eth. forms in ḥ-, cf. Akk. h̊umṣ/sīr-, h̊umuṣṣīr-, h̊umunṣ/sīr-, h̊a/um(a)sīrum, h̊ab/maṣīr- '`(grosse) Maus' ([big] mouse) ' OAk, Bab.; LL; used as a PN in OAk, OB, and LB; Fauna 105f.; AHw.., p.355; h̊umṣirt-, h̊ab(a)ṣirt- `weiblische Maus' (female mouse) S/LB; PN in LB (Hab/Ha-ba-ṣir-tum/ti); AHw.., p.355 + ЭБЛА.

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